Obesity in USA - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 900 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Obesity Essay Obesity in America Essay Did you like this example? Abstract   Obesity has been a growing problem in the United States. It can be defined as a medical condition whereby an individual carries more weight as compared to height, or have excess fat that affects the normal body functioning. A health specialist will record that a person is obese if the body mass index (BMI) is high. The BMI is a tool that doctors use to determine whether the weight of a person is appropriate in reference to their height, age, and gender. Height and weight are the most important aspects in determining whether a person is obese. If a persons BMI measures from 25 to 29.9 kg/m2, then the person is carrying excess weight and in case it is 30 and above, the person is obese (Murray 1). Statistics records that about 36.5% of the total adults suffering from obesity in America while 32.5% are overweight. Besides, in every six children, one is obese. Bad eating habits and lack of participating in physical exercise are major cause of obesity in America. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Obesity in USA" essay for you Create order Today, people are not concerned about what they take and where it comes from (Brazier 1). Bad eating habits can be explained in various ways. One, people are taking a lot of junk meals. Junk meals are also referred to as engineered junk meals, and have refined ingredients assorted with additives. The main reason as to why people find themselves buying the junk content is that it is cheap and readily available in shops and supermarkets. Since people have become lazy and do not either want to get to the kitchen, or prefer spending the minimum time in the kitchen, then they have to buy the precooked junk food. Besides, junk meals are sweet and thereby hard to resist. Manufacturing firms in the food industry have discovered that people eat more when food is sweet and therefore ensure that whatever they pack will be irresistible for any consumer who focuses on taste. Junk food has the highest calories but contains the least nutritional value. Taste is improved by the addition of extra sugar and fat that do not have minerals that the body requires for healthy living. Due to the nice taste, people take more and even recommend the meals to their friends and families. It further increases obesity prevalence among Americans. Some people are addicted to food. Junk meals with high fat and sugar content are addictive. People lose control when it comes to eating behavior and regardless of time, whether they have already eaten or not, they find themselves taking the junk content. The food manufacturing companies have been a major cause of food addiction thereby making people take more, become obese, and suffer obese related diseases like diabetes and chronic conditions. The second main cause of obesity is lack of physical exercise. The world has changed, and the digital era has brought benefits as well as adversities (Brazier 2). For one, many people spend time in offices, mainly seated and using computers. The worst is when people work from their homes because some companies operate office suites; serving clients right from home comfort. These people do not walk to and from the workplace. As such, the body accumulates a lot of calories which contribute to obesity. Dramatically, how people spend leisure-time has changed as compared to decades ago. Initially, people would play games; children would run up and down during holidays. These were important activities that enhanced body metabolism (Murray 2). The trend is completely altered today, and people spend leisure-time in non-physical engaging acts such as social media, watching movies or even playing video games. The change in lifestyle where the digital era provides more appealing leisure as compared to years back has led to an upsurge in obesity levels. About physical exercise, lifestyle is a great concern. People are always interested in being associated with certain standards and class. They want to have the best out of the world and buy what others cannot afford (Al et al., 46). An ideal example is the trending motor vehicle industry that has led people to make the worst decisions. Everyone wants to own a vehicle, and use it even when going to shop 500 meters away from home. On weekdays people are busy, and they are either in their cars to work, in offices, or the car from the workstation. All these busy schedules deny the body a chance for muscle relaxation. Physical exercising helps in improving body appearance because high chlretrols are burnt. Besides, people who play games as a mode of physical exercise enhance the smooth circulation of blood which is essential for lung and heart functioning which in turn decreases the chances of being depressed. In a nutshell, there is a high need to create programs that will censor people on the need to take caution of what they eat and set time for physical exercise. In the short run, junk meals will be sweet, and driving to the shopping centre that is less than 500 meters will be enjoyable. But it is important to pose a question; Will I be healthy tomorrow? Obesity is the primary cause of unappealing appearance which in turn reduces peoples confidence. Realizing the need for having a balanced diet, and necessarily chosen on taste basis will be of great benefit to America. Fresh fruits and vegetables, homemade food, and the general healthy eating habits will not only save your money but increase the chances of living healthy.

Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie - 891 Words

In the Glass Menagerie by Tennessee William’s, Tom narrates the story through his memories. Tom resided in a small tenement with his older, slightly crippled sister, Laura and his overbearing, audacious mother, Amanda. Tom is a young man in his mid-twenties who has had to assume the role as provider for the household. His and Laura’s father left them and their mother years ago. Their father was an alcoholic with adulterous tendencies. That left Tom no choice, but to be the man of the house. His mother though filled with good intentions, created strife among the family. Amanda nagged and harped on her children about everything, to no bitter end. Amanda entwined every aspect of her children’s life into her own, she relied on them for†¦show more content†¦Easterbrook also describes the psychological, emotional and social strain that can result from inadequate maternal interactions. Although, the divorce between Amanda and Tom’s father was never fully discussed in the play, it was all too relevant to the emotional, psychological and social impacts of both Tom and Laura. The infidelities and alcoholic tendencies by Tom’s father left Amanda, bitter, needy and controlling. Out of fear, anger or solemnness, it led Amanda to replace the void left by her husband with every aspect of her children’s lives. The departure of their father also directly impacted Laura’s views on relationships, it caused her to feel that no one can be trusted and might leave her, the way her father did. The impact it had on Tom was much more taxing. It caused Tom to have to be the emotional and financial rock that supported his sister and mother. That kind of responsibility left to a young man, can lead to tremendous psychological, emotional and personal actions. Tom states out of anger and exasperation, â€Å"Why, listen, if self is what I thought of, Mother, Id be where he is -G 0 N E! [Pointing to his father’s picture] As far as the system of transportation reaches!† When a family is broken apart by infidelity and divorce it causes a trickle effect, tainting every aspect of the familial relationships. It causes a mother to change, changing her parenting style and emotional availability toShow MoreRelatedThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams985 Words   |  4 Pageshardly catch it going. ¨ This quote by the author of The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams, describes both The Glass Menagerie, a memory play, and the life of Tennessee Williams himself, for whom memories played a large role in his life. Within the play, many parallels can be drawn between the life of Williams and the life of Tom, the main character, such as a disdain for factory work. In addition, several characters in The Glass Menagerie have a difficult time fitting into the roles that theirRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams Essay940 Words   |  4 PagesTennessee Williams was a renowned Pulitzer Prize-winning playwriter for his numerous plays throughout his career. One of such plays is The Glass Menagerie. After perfecting his play for many years, The Glass Menagerie was first introduced to Broadway on March 31, 1945. As a young writer, Williams lived vicariously through his plays. Throughout this play in particular, there are several allegories that pertain to Williams life. Although Williams had a relatively happy childhood, his life changedRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams986 Words   |  4 PagesTennessee Williams’s The Glass Menagerie, is a classic drama about a young man who is tired of his dull and boring existence. Tom, the main character, struggles to deal with his family, who is apparently holding him back in life. With the use of powerful writing techniques, Williams is able to captivate his audience and create a play that has stood the test of time. An excellent writing technique employed by Williams that contributes to The Glass Menagerie’s success is his use of plot. ThroughoutRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams932 Words   |  4 Pages THE GLASS MENAGERIE Name Instructor Institution Course Date The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams, the author in the play †The Glass Menagerie† that is based on his life that presents characters that, as caught animals in an cage, live in woeful states and just wish to unravel themselves from this state (Fisher, 2010). The primary clash in the story emerges through their longing to encounter a different world, but their condition opens them to life s unforgiving realities. LifeRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams1249 Words   |  5 Pagesthe outside world The Glass Menagerie is very interesting because William s play relates to alot of people and their situations, people can learn alot from it alot whether they connect to Amanda and her past or to Laura and her lack of confidence and being in a world of her own or to Tom and his internal conflict about abandoning his family or staying with them. Laura s life is all about her glass menageries what happens when her glass unicorn breaks? What happens when a gentlemanRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams1619 Words   |  7 PagesIsolation is prevalent in â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† by Tennessee Williams. This is presented in symbols such as blue roses and the glass unicorn, for they are imagined objects and only existent in another fantasy world. Williams incorporates such arcane symbols to draw out his characters, Amanda, Laura, and Tom, and how they cope with confinement. Most importantly, the symbols of the play represent how isolation debilita tes them psychologically in an attempt to connect with reality. The jonquils representRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee William1014 Words   |  5 PagesIn the play â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† of Tennessee William, he wrote a drama play to emphasize readers about the life is at a standstill the Wingfield family. Through of the Wingfield family, he uses many symbols which represent many things, but the important main symbolization is fire escape that shows three main characters; Tom Wingfield, his fire escape is the way out of Amanda and Laura. Amanda Wingfield, hope gentlemen callers to enter their lives, and Laura Wingfield, who wants in her own worldRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams Tennessee Williams, born Thomas Lanier Williams, wrote The Glass Menagerie, a play which premiered in Chicago in 1944. This award winning play, autobiographical in nature, represented a time in which Williams felt the obligation of his responsibilities in regards to the care of his family. Robert DiYanni, Adjunct Professor of Humanities at New York University, rated it as, â€Å"One of his best-loved plays...a portrayal of loneliness among characters who confuseRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesIn Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie, there is a collection of glass animal figurines that belong to Laura. Laura uses those figurines to escape her reality. The â€Å"glass menagerie† is also a metaphor because all of the characters have a metaphorical glass menagerie that they use to escape their reality. Tom escapes his reality by going to the movies, drinking, and writing poetry. Tom says, â€Å"I go to the movies because – I like adventure†¦ something I don’t have much of at work† (Williams 33)Read MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams867 Words   |  4 Pagesdraw the line between getting what you want and doing what you are obligated to do? In The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams, the main characters are torn between fulfilling their desires and aligning with their role in society. On the surface, Amanda Wingfield plays the role of a caring mother that would do anything in her children’s best interest. However, according to the play, â€Å"The Glass Menagerie†, you should never be fooled by the â€Å"Illusion of the truth.† She indeed values her children’s

Demographics and Audience Analysis Free Essays

Chapter 12 Activity #5 Page 382 Abstract Here is my response to the activity #12 question. ACTIVITY #5 5. Why is audience analysis important? How can it help the speaker in a business presentation? What are its limitations? Audience analysis is important because it is part of your preparation process in order to ensure that you have completed the appropriate research and homework on who you will be presenting to. We will write a custom essay sample on Demographics and Audience Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The research can include anything from age, gender, audience’s size, social class, educational level, cultural background, and occupational status. When preparing a business presentation it is important to know your audience in order to help send a specific message to sell a specific product, or gain a certain business clientele to expand a merger or can range from just about anything. The most important thing is knowing who you are talking to, because in most cases the audience has already done their research on the speaker and are already prepared with questions and assumptions before the presentation starts. The limitation is only based upon how much you are prepared and have a specific presentation tailored to your specific audience. For example it wouldn’t make sense to prepare a speech for a group of electrical engineers and then present it to a group of third graders and expect them to understand the material. Here is the text from the ebook over audience analysis. O’Hair, Dan (2012). In presentational speaking, the process of finding out about those to whom you will be speaking is termed audience analysis, and it corresponds to the second component of strategic communication: gathering situational knowledge. When preparing for a presentation, you can research individual members of the audience, organizational factors that affect the audience, and even location, time, or other physical influences. Audience analysis helps you to understand the speaking situation as it unfolds as well as how best to prepare for the audience’s needs and likely responses to your mess age. In other words, effective speakers continue to gather information and monitor the situation throughout the presentation Demographic information—the audience’s size, age, social class, educational level, gender, cultural background, and occupational status—is fundamental to any audience analysis. Demography (the collection and study of such information) is a necessary first step toward establishing more specific and complex analyses of a target audience. The target audience—the key decision makers who are members of the general audience—is an important focus for your analysis. You are more likely to succeed by tailoring your ideas, information, and appeals to these audience members. 5 Audience attitudes toward many social and economic issues can be predicted through careful demographic analysis. For example, if you learn that your audience will be composed of employees in the manufacturing division of your company—mostly blue-collar males ages 40 to 60 who are union members—you can conclude that a presentation on why the company should deunionize to encourage new hiring policies will have to be approached with careful preparation and an understanding of possible negative audience response. This is not to say that audience analysis encourages stereotyping or can be ignored if you think you already know, for example, what a typical clerical worker is like. It is vital to approach audience analysis with an open mind because you are likely to discover unexpected characteristics of audience members that may provide the key to connecting with them. By analyzing and understanding the implications of the audience analysis, you will have a good sense of how to aim your presentation and what language and imagery to employ. Remember also that it is important to know whether you are speaking to accountants, engineers, marketers, janitors, or a combination of various employee groups. They may all work for your company, but each group has a different perspective on the organization, and it is also likely to differ from your own. Be sure to modify your presentation to accommodate each group because the most successful presentations are those that address every member of the audience and make each person feel involved and important. Three categories of audience analysis can be considered when doing a profile. Each of the three categories provides a different starting point for thinking about your audience’s needs. †¢ Audience type—Why have these people decided to attend your presentation? Audience characteristics—What are the religions, education levels, ages, ethnicities, and genders of typical audience members? Environmental characteristics—How will the setting and surroundings affect the speaking situation? † Bibliography O’Hair, Dan (2012). Strategic Communication in the Business and Professions [7] (VitalSource Bookshelf), Retrieved from http://online. vitalsource. com/books/9781256085492/id/pg359 How to cite Demographics and Audience Analysis, Papers

P!nk - I#39m Not Dead free essay sample

While most celebrities maintain their identities in pop culture by conforming to the conventions of society, one will not find P!nk converging with todays superficiality. Instead, one will find her on the offense, confidently asserting her views, as in her album Im Not Dead. While P!nk could have taken the conventional road in constructing her album like most artists, she chose to speak her mind, quoting, â€Å"I decided I was going to be me to the fullest extent, that my songs were going to reflect relationships Ive had, things Ive been through, and even the stuff Im embarrassed about† (tv.com). She has proved herself, with her controversial lyrics and equally captivating melodies. Selling over million albums in the United States, Im Not Dead, can be declared a success in providing food for thought. Music serves a different purpose for every artist. P!nks music is her unique expression of her memories, thoughts, and opinions. We will write a custom essay sample on P!nk I#39m Not Dead or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In her highly controversial song, â€Å"Dear Mr. President,† she speaks candidly about her views on the Bush administration. She asks him, â€Å"How do you sleep at night/How do you walk with your head held high?† Although a lot of people may harbor the same feelings, not many assert their opinions in a public forum. Furthermore, she does not just criticize him; she challenges him on a personal level. These challenges are almost attacks, shooting rhetorical questions at Bush in a way that is sarcastic but condescendingly diplomatic. Even though everyone may not agree with her view, the purpose of her music is to provoke honest discussion about stifling subjects. Along with the highly controversial â€Å"Dear Mr. President,† P!nk released a couplet of equally controversial songs pertaining to societys perception of women and their roles. In her song, â€Å"Stupid girls,† she talks about the ambitions of young women to become famous by flaunting their bodi es instead of using their minds. She even makes specific references such as, â€Å"What happened to the dream of a girl president? /Shes dancing in the video next to 50 cent†. In her music video she goes on to mock the actual girl in the video as well as other celebrities including Paris Hilton, Jessica Simpson, and Mary-Kate Olsen. But thats not all. In her third single of the album, â€Å"U+UR Hand,† she partially attributes this behavior of women to the expectations of men. In the song she confidently rejects a man who is trying to pick her up saying, â€Å"Im not here for your entertainment/ you dont want to mess with me tonight†. Her strong statement about the dynamics of men and women in todays society has certainly offended many people, and as in her intent, she received a response to its meaning rather than just the melody. Im Not Dead undoubtedly exercises P!nks first amendment right of freedom of speech, which is what makes her album a top seller. It is the confidence in which she is able to assert her views that is so attractive, not necessarily her views themselves. If nothing else, P!nk must be revered for outspokenness in Im Not Dead.

Bank War Essays - Financial Crises, Free Essays, Term Papers

Bank War Essays - Financial Crises, Free Essays, Term Papers Bank War Did the Bank War cause the Panic of 1837? Richard Hofstadter from The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It believes President Andrew Jackson?s refusal to recharter the Bank of the United States was politically popular but economically harmful to the long-term growth of the United States. Peter Tenim, from The Jacksonian Economy, believes international factors, such as changes in the monetary policies of the Bank of England, the supply of silver from Mexico, and the price of southern cotton, were far more important than Jackson?s banking policies in determining fluctuations in the 1830s economy. The two intelligent men present their facts and arguments well and make it hard for the reader to mold their opinion for either side. After reading both arguments and thoroughly reviewing the facts stated, I took the side of Peter Tenim by saying that the war against the Bank of the United States was not the cause of the Panic of 1837. I have to agree with Mr. Tenim simply because there were more factors present in his opinion involving the Panic of 1837. The opinion of Mr. Hofstadter revolved around one factor, which was the war against the Bank of the United States. In order to somewhat disprove Mr. Hofstadter?s theory, I believe we have to analyze the relationship between President Andrew Jackson and Nicholas Biddle, who at the time was the President of the Bank. Mr. Jackson was very much a man of the middle class. He believed in the American dream of becoming an entrepreneur and the opportunity to create wealth for oneself. He disliked the cheap and sometimes-worthless paper money the banks printed. The only money he trusted was hard money, gold and silver. He was especially bitter against the Bank of the United States, which with its monopoly of the government?s business was a symbol of all hated special privilege. He thought it was evil as well as unconstitutional, and he loathed it. More impo! rtantly though, he was a person who had experience using the so-called capital makers of the time and trying to start businesses. For example, the one time in his career President Jackson owned land, which he sold to various individual and received notes as payments. Unfortunately, these buyers were unable to pay back the notes and President Jackson lost his land. He then had to start from scratch. He also had become a debtor and due to financial hardships, he was unable to pay off his own debts. President Jackson was faced with a double-sided sword because people were unable to repay the debts owed to him, while at the same time he could not pay the debts he owed to others. Nicholas Biddle, on the other hand, was an entirely different man. Biddle knew how Jackson felt about the Bank but wanted the President to be on good terms with it. Henry Clay, though, saw the Bank issue as a way to defeat Jackson in the 1832 election. Clay induced Biddle to apply for a new charte! r for the Bank early in 1832. He believed that if Jackson dared to veto the recharter bill, he would lose the election. The plan did not go according for Mr. Clay and Mr. Biddle and Jackson was still the favorite among the people. President Jackson and Nicholas Biddle were never met good terms with each other and their relationship was one of argument and disagreement. In my opinion, Biddle wanted to keep the Bank of the United States intact for the sole purpose of benefiting the aristocrats and the politically involved. Biddle was not, though, the cause of the Panic of 1837. The depression of the early 1840s was neither as serious as historians assume nor the fault of Biddle. It was primarily a deflation, as opposed to a decline in production, and it was produced by events over which Biddle had little control over. Mr. Jackson?s view of banks was a very distressing one. He, along with the people of his party, believed the same ideology that the banks were in favor of the wealthy and those with political advantage. The only people who benefited from the banks were the ?wall-street? types and

Final Project Report on Meezan Bank Essay Example

Final Project Report on Meezan Bank Essay Example Final Project Report on Meezan Bank Essay Final Project Report on Meezan Bank Essay It is concerned to a brief study of the operations, functions, Products and Services of Means Bank. Means Bank is the largest Islamic Banking Network of Pakistan. Islamic banking one of the fastest growing segments of the financial industry. Banks serving the Islamic population must comply with several very specific principles of Islamic law if they hope to retain existing customers and attract new ones. Banks must be ready with specialized products and SE;sec and they must put programs in place to train their personnel to support these products and services in order to exist in this competitive marketplace. This Report contains detail of MBA Management structure, Operations, products, Services and Functions along with their features. History of Banking History Of Banking in Pakistan Starts from the partition Of Indo-Pakistan sub continent in August, 1947. At that time, the areas consisting Pakistan had 631 offices of 45 scheduled banks out of which 487 were located in West Pakistan and 1 14 in East Pakistan which was also served by 500 offices of small and non-scheduled banks. There were 19 branches of foreign banks in Pakistan but they had a very limited role to play. Just after the partition, the Indian bankers started immigrating and shifting he head offices of their banks and capital to India. It caused a great set back to the banking field in Pakistan, and resulted in decline in the number of offices in schedule bank from 631 to 195 by 30th June, 1948. The West Pakistan the number fell from 487 to 81 in East Pakistan from 14th 69 by 30th June, 1951. Among these Habit Bank Ltd. , with 25 offices and Australia Bank Ltd. With 19 offices were institutions run by Muslims who shifted their head offices to Pakistan. : The technical and administrative difficulties of establishing a central bank just after independence compelled Pakistan to enter into an agreement with the Reserve Bank of India by which the bank was to perform the function of a central bank in this area also up to 30th September, 1948. The Reserve Bank of India started following wrong policies against the interest of Pakistan. The situation became so grave that after the consultation of two governments the Reserve Bank of India was asked to finish the agreement from 30th June instead of from 30th September, 1948. So the Government of Pakistan decided to establish the State Bank of Pakistan as its central bank from 1st July, 1948. In the same year first Pakistani notes in the denomination of RSI. , 10, and 100 were issued and Indian currency was withdrawn from circulation. After it the government was advised to a bank which should serve as a agent of State Bank of Pakistan. On this suggestion National Bank of Pakistan which was established in 1949 to finance jute trade in East Pakistan to take over the agency functions from the Imperial Bank of India. Furthermore banking companies control act 1949 was promulgated which empowered the State Bank of Pakistan to control the operation of other banks. To boost the economic development the State Bank of Pakistan encourage the commercial inks and gave them schemes to advance in the agricultural and industrial fields. In addition to this specialize financial. Institutions were set up to meet the acute shortage of funds in these fields. The State Bank of Pakistanis policy encouraged expansion in established banks, establishment of new banks, and weeding out Of unsound banks just to faster the growth of banking system in the country.

New Car Alarm Market Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

New Car Alarm Market Research - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the main weakness of the process is the unfamiliarity of the product within the market which will, later on, be tasking in the globalization process and the competition. Various openings and threats have been found in the automobile market research and the advantages that the company has over its competition by virtue of its location and production line. The research results are intended to outline how well Luminescent Alarms would be received by the general public (car owners). The research is also aimed at finding out if there is a demand for its proposed product and to see if its potential customers would buy the new product with regard to its practicality. Car crime has been an ostensible global problem for decades, in practically every country in the world. As reports show that more than 2700 cars are reported stolen in Europe on a daily basis and 50% of them are hardly ever retrieved. Luminescent Alarms  is the World’s fir st silent and visual car alarm. A unique British patent that uses cutting-edge optical tools. It responds to a signal provided by a standard mobile phone SIM and makes an illuminated flashing message Stolen appear visibly on a number  plate when required, this feature, however, is subject to manipulation by the car owner. Luminescent Alarms was created by David Richardson and  Dr. Ashley Knowles to develop and exploit the idea of an anti-theft technology for identifying stolen cars.The ideology is to raise the profile of a stolen vehicle thereby drawing the attention of the public who can then respond by alerting the police. The Alarm ensures that the owners stay in complete control of the security of their vehicles and the police can launch a recovery mission as nippily. When activated, the owner and the relevant authorities concurrently receive text messages alerting them to the theft. That helps raise the profile and ensure the vehicle is apprehended with haste.  The system is tamper proof and can be tracked on a number of devices (including computers, laptops, and smartphones).

Experimental film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Experimental film analysis - Essay Example In Free Radicals, he synthesizes all his artistic abilities and sensitivities in order to create a truly majestic work. This paper intends to read Lye’s doodling on film through an examination of the multimedia character of the Free radicals. Although, the paper attempts to read the Free Radicals from within, i.e. by examining its medium and content on its own, it would try to incorporate necessary theoretical insights as well. 2. The Artistic Background of the Free Radicals Len Lye was always particular in drawing the source of his inspiration from music from various (often distant and little known) cultural backgrounds. In one of his first and best animated sound films, which is A Colour Box, Lye uses Caribbean jazz in a time when it was not much known to the outside the world. Peculiarly, in Lye’s animation films, shadows, streaks and colors are easily blended to an extraordinary music with quite perfection. Color could be seen bouncing back from the screen. It is th is very synchronization of colors and images with the music makes Lye’s animations more than appealing. Lye’s animated films were not only quite different from the movies produced in their respective times but also technologically advanced than other. This technological edge is one of the distinct features of Lye’s films. It was in 1926, Len Lye moved to England from New Zealand. He was attracted to the modernist movement in England and active in such circles having many friends among the stalwarts of arts and literature. Lye was also attracted into various art forms such as surrealist stories and poems and moving sculpture. He was both eclectic and eccentric. The indigenous art of Maori people in the New Zealand had strong influence on Ley’s idea of art, especially his conception of visual art. Moreover, he was extremely fascinated by the oceanic cultures from around the world. It is necessary to remember that he was expelled from the racist New Zealand for living among the Maori people. In his way to England, he had also visited many pacific islands and closely interacted with the aboriginal people. It might be because of this influence of the indigenous culture, Lye’s painted-on-celluloid art resembled a lot to the finger paintings which are common among the aboriginals. In 1944, Len Lye moved to the United States wherein he got more acquainted with the African music traditions. As his interests in kinetic sculpture grew, it was well reflected in the films he made later. 3. The Free Radicals as Doodling on the Film The Free Radical was made in 1958 and it was peculiar with its intense black and white nature. It appeared as drawings on a chalkboard. According to Kasmere, â€Å"an assured, signature work that Stan Brakhage called â€Å"an almost unbelievably immense masterpiece†,  Free Radicals  synchronizes etched hieroglyphs, squiggly horizontal lines and verticals of varying thickness to energetic drum music f rom The Bagirmi Tribe of Africa. Nothing in the film is static. â€Å"White ziggle-zag-splutter scratches†, inscribed using a variety of tools including arrowheads and saw-teeth, appear abruptly, leap, quiver, and dance alongside the beat, then vanish suddenly. Occasionally the flat picture plane is transformed into a three-dimensional space as fluid, rough-edged wiry shapes appear to rotate, as though circled by a camera/eye. At times one denotes the outline of quickly passing hill covered or jagged mountainous landscape as the line-play slips

Classical greek influence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Classical greek influence - Research Paper Example Zeus was the king of Greek gods and god of weather and rains in ancient Greece. Zeus like other gods prevented humankind from making progress and learning the basics of life. These gods punished people for not obeying their orders. Gods were against the use of fire by human beings as it was the symbol of power for the god and goddess (Roebuck, 1984). Doric, Ionic and Corinthian were the architectural orders used by people, which were commonly seen in their temples. Doric was the basic order that was used previously by Spartans (Durant, 1997). Initially wooden structures were used and these were replaced with stones later on. Religion and god images are very clear on construction of golden age. Corinthian order was not frequently used for being very fancy. Ionic architecture was the final order. Dimensions of these orders were eight to nine feet high instead of four feet. Sculpture shapes are also found on the Ionic structure. Stones were also used to carve hair shape and other religious shapes in the Ionic architecture (Durant,

The concept of technical and allocative efficiency

The concept of technical and allocative efficiency Technical Efficiency- Basic Concept The term Technical Efficiency was first used by M. J. Farrell in 1957 in his seminal paper and differentiated and disaggregated economic efficiency into two components i.e. technical efficiency and allocative efficiency. Coelli et al. (1999) define technical efficiency as the maximum achievable output from a given set of inputs and existing technology (Coelli, Rao, Battese, 1999). It has been also defined as the ratio of actual output and potential output of a farm unit i.e. In this sense TE refers to the manner in which the inputs or production resources are used. By this definition it is more closely associated with the techniques of framing or understanding of technology and deals with the behavior of how to produce an optimal level of production regardless of input-output price ratio. Hence, technical efficiency is also equivalent to Agronomic Efficiency. The concept of technical and allocative efficiency can be explained by the help of Figure 2.1 illustrated by Kalirajan and Shand (1999). Theoretically, we assume that all units of production (firm or land) operate at potential frontier production function i.e. the points along the curve FF. Any level of inefficiency with respect to this production function will be purely allocative. The reason may be that the producer has no income to buy inputs or is not willing to spend more for the marginal amount of inputs. Now suppose if the firm operates at point B by using I1 inputs and getting Y1 output. At this point the firm is both technically and allocatively efficient with a maximum profit of à Ã¢â€š ¬1. When the firm operates at Point-A with I2 level of inputs producing Y2 output points, earning à Ã¢â€š ¬2 amount of profit. At this point the firm is technically efficient as it is operating at FF but it is inefficient allocatively. It can improve its profit by à Ã¢â€š ¬2/à Ã¢â€š ¬1 amount. But on real grounds, the units of production operate at less than the level of its potential frontier. The reasons are differe nt technical, socio-economic, bio-physical, organizational and other unknown factors (Ahmed et al., 2002; Ajibefun, 2008; Ozkan et al. (2009)). Thus the firm operates at its actual production function AA below the potential frontier FF. Let us suppose it operates at point C with I2 amount of inputs and producing Y3 yield and earning à Ã¢â€š ¬3 profits. At this point the firm is neither technically nor allocatively efficient. It could maximize its profit to à Ã¢â€š ¬4 levels by operating at point D utilizing I3 inputs and producing Y4 outputs. But on real grounds, the units of production operate at less than the level of its potential frontier. The reasons are different technical, socio-economic, bio-physical, organizational and other unknown factors ( Ahmed et al., 2002; Ajibefun, 2008; Ozkan et al. 2009). Thus the firm operates at its actual production function AA below the potential frontier FF. Let us suppose it operates at point C with I2 amount of inputs and producing Y3 yield and earning à Ã¢â€š ¬3 profits. At this point the firm is neither technically nor allocatively efficient. It could maximize its profit to à Ã¢â€š ¬4 levels by operating at point D utilizing I3 inputs and producing Y4 outputs. Thus it is quite clear from Figure 2.1 that economic inefficiency is composed of two components of technical and allocative inefficiency. The total loss of the firm in profit terms operating at point C is à Ã¢â€š ¬1-à Ã¢â€š ¬3. Within this loss, à Ã¢â€š ¬3-à Ã¢â€š ¬2 and à Ã¢â€š ¬1-à Ã¢â€š ¬2 are the technical and allocative inefficiency losses respectively. The efficiency scenarios in these models explain three reasons of farmers attributes as discussed by Ellis (1988); Farmers desire to maximize profit with less input levels given by yield gap (Y0 Y3). Such behavior is referred as profit maximization behavior. Second reason may be the lack of correct allocation of inputs given by (Y3 Y2), and Farmers failure of operating in the most efficient production function (Y3 Y3). This gap represents technical inefficiency level, and Farmers behavior to reduce his risk instead of maximizing profit. . . . Technical Efficiency- History / Evolution Farrell (1957) is known as the pioneer of efficiency literature when the frontier production model developed by him, in one of his seminal papers, decomposed economic efficiency into two components; i.e. technical and allocative efficiency. He defined TE as the ability of a firm to produce maximum output given a set of inputs under existing technology. Stated differently, technical inefficiency is the failure of attaining the maximum possible level of production given existing resources and technology (Bravo-Ureta Pinheiro, 1993). The adoption of new technologies after green revolution for enhancing farm output has acknowledged special attention as a means to accelerate agriculture development after Schultzs hypothesis that conventional agriculture was fully efficient (Schultz, 1964). The growth performance is not only determined by such technological innovations but also by the efficient management and utilization of such technologies. The importance of efficiency measures as a me ans of nurturing productivity a considerable amount of literature is found focusing on agriculture (Bravo-Ureta Pinheiro, 1993). The efficiency analysis of units of agriculture inputs (land, labour, fertilizer etc.) has always been the focus of a number of studies since early 1960s. Most of the studies have supported Schultzs efficient but poor hypothesis. Theodore Shultz stated this hypothesis in 1964 that The traditional agriculture is fully efficient in the allocation of inputs under an existing technology. The combination of crops being grown, the depth and number of cultivation, time of planting, fertilizing, watering and harvesting, the combination of tools, draft animals and equipment are all made with a fine regard for marginal costs. (Schultz, 1964) Sahota (1968) based on his and many others have supported Schultzs hypothesis in their empirical works. Based on his study in Indian agriculture, Sahota (1968) concludes that the bulk of the evidences appear to support the hypothesis that the resources available to conventional Indian farmers have been, by and large, efficiently allocated (Sahota, 1968). A large number of frontier models were developed based on Farrells work which was than classified into parametric and non-parametric types. Aigner Chu (1968) were the initiators of deterministic parametric approach. They estimated a deterministic production frontier of a Cobb-Douglas type through linear and quadratic programming techniques. Timmer (1971) further developed this procedure by introducing a probabilistic production frontier model. He estimated a series of production frontiers by dropping extreme observations at each stage until the rate of change of parameter estimates stabilizes. These estimators had undefined statistical properties. Another class of frontier models was proposed by Afriat in 1972 known as statistical production frontiers. According to Afriats (1972) model, technical efficiency is a one-sided disturbance term with some explicit assumptions and frontier is estimated by method of maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). On the other hand if the disturbances are based on no a-priori assumptions, then corrected least squares (COLS) method is used to estimate the production frontier by just shifting the frontier upwards covering all negative disturbance terms. In 1977, Aigner et al. (Aigner, Lovell, Schmidt, 1977), and Meeusen and Broeck (1977) independently developed stochastic frontier production model in which the error term was decomposed into two components. A one-sided positive component reflecting inefficiency and a two-sided error component covering measurement errors and the random effects, which are not in control of the producer. Under this model the frontier could be could be estimated either by COLS or MLE. But in 1980, Greene found that the MLE are more efficient than COLS as the former method makes use of special statistical distributions for the disturbance terms e.g. exponential, half-normal or gamma distribution (Greene, 1980). Another mathematical programming method was developed by Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (CCR) in 1978 which was a generalized form of Farrells (1957) method in terms of multi-input and multi-output vectors. Their method is well known as Data Envelopment Analysis or DEA. But their approach of measuring efficiency confounds the true technical efficiency score with uncontrollable noise (Charnes, Cooper, Rhodes, 1978). Further developments in DEA were incorporated by Varian in 1985. He brought improvements in DEA by treating the deviations as having stochastic characteristics and split them into two components of technical efficiency and random noise (Varian, 1985). The Free Disposal Hull (FDH) model, introduced by Deprins et al. (1984), was originally designed as an alternate to DEA models. In FDH approach only strong (free) disposability of inputs and outputs is assumed by relaxing the convexity assumptions of DEA models. FDH models were initially treated as DEA models under variable returns to scale (VRS). The FDH models are traditionally represented as mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problems. Further extensions in production frontier estimation are multi-equation models based on production, utility, cost or profit function specifications. Such extensions include the work of Kumbhakar (1987); Battese, Coelli and Colby (1989). In the decade of 1990s, the literature on TE expanded with the growing use of Z-variables in the application of Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA). Previously, researchers used auxiliary or two-step regression on a set of socioeconomic, institutional and policy variables, so-called Z-variates to observe the effect of such variables on TE scores. A new method proposed by Wang and Schmidt allows a one-step procedure for calculation of TE and inspect effects of such Z-variables (Wang Schmidt, 2002). Kalirajan and Obwona (1994) suggested another approach for modeling production behavior and technical efficiency of any production unit, known as Stochastic Varying Coefficient Frontier Approach or SVFA. Under this method, like DEA, the potential output is estimated by allowing TE to vary by each individual input. Thus it makes comparison between firms performances easier in a sample of firms. It also facilitates to identify a benchmark of an excellent performing firm in terms of best practice in a sample (Kalirajan Shand, 1999). A recent approach, different from other sampling theory models, is Bayesian Approach (BA). The approach treats the uncertainty concerning which sampling method to use by mixing over a number of competing a-priori inefficiency distributions with a-posteriori model probabilities as weights. This approach overcomes the criticism of imposing a-priori distributions on disturbance term as in SFA. But in Bayesian Approach, like SFA, the potential output to estimate TE varies over all inputs taken together. It also differentiates random effects and fixed effects issue for panel data (Kalirajan Shand, 1999). Developmetns are being made on the methods to make them more, efficient, flexible, easily computable and more policy oriented. Especially Bayesian and FDH approaches need more modifications and specifications. Efficiency Studies in Developing Countries Agriculture and Associated Factors Here we cite some literature on efficiency estimates in agriculture sector of some developing countries with our main focus being on Pakistan. The findings regarding average efficiency scores and their relationship between different factors are summarized in the following paragraphs. Shapiro (1983) examined TE of Tanzanian cotton farmers using a Cobb-Douglas production frontier. His findings yielded an average TE of 66 percent leading rejection of Schultzs (1964) hypothesis. Balbase and Grabowski (1985) invested TE in Nepalese agriculture. His findings yielded 84 percent and 67 percent TE scores for rice and maize farms respectively. His analysis showed that nutrient levels, farmers education and income were significant factors influencing TE. Kalirajan and Shand (1985) examined TE of paddy farms in Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Their study proved non-formal education as significant positive factor in enhancing efficiency levels of farmers. Ali and Flinn (1989) have used a modified trans-log stochastic profit frontier to investigate profit efficiency of Basmati rice farms in Pakistan. They identify education, credit, late application of fertilizer and water shortage as key factors in profit losses. Ali and Chaudhary (1990) estimated efficiency for 220 farmers in Pakistani Punjab. According to his findings the average technical, allocative and economic efficiency were 84%, 61% and 51% respectively. Hussain (1991) analyzed efficiency in Punjab province of Pakistan. His results showed a TE score ranging from 80 percent for rice region and 87 percent for sugarcane region. Bravo-Ureta and Evenson (1994) analyzed efficiency for 101 cassava and 87 cotton farmers from Eastern Paraguay. His findings showed 58%, 70% and 41% technical, allocative and economic efficiency scores respectively for cotton farmers. Whereas the corresponding figure for cassava growers were 59%, 89% and 52% respectively. His results evidenced farmers age, education, farm size, extension contacts and credit availability as significant factors influencing efficiency level of farmers. Another study conducted by Ali, Parikh and Shah (1994) in NWF province of Pakistan by using both behavioral and stochastic cost frontier functions. Among socioeconomic variables, farmers age, farm size, land fragmentation and subsistency were showing significant influence on inefficiency levels. Ahmed et al. (2002) have analyzed TE of wheat growers in three provinces of Pakistan using a stochastic frontier production approach. The results yielded on average 32 percent losses due to technical inefficiency. The variables of age, education, extension services, farm to market distance, farm size, and credit availability had significant influence on efficiency levels of farmers in the provinces. He also found that wheat farmers in Punjab were technically more efficient (70%) than their counterparts in Sindh (66%) and NWFP (63%). Tenants were technically more efficient than the owners and owner-cum-tenants. Dhungana et al. (2004) have used Data Envelopment Analysis approach to examine efficiency of Nepalese rice Farmers. The results revealed that 76, 87 and 66 percent technical, allocative and economic efficiency levels were achieved by farmers. The factors contributing in inefficiency were excessive use of input resources, farmers level of risk attitude, managers age and gender, education and family labour endowment. Hassan and Ahmed (2005) examined TE of wheat growers in a mixed farming system of Punjab province in Pakistan using a C-D production function. The mean TE was recorded about 94 percent. The key influencing factors of efficiency were education, timely cultivation of crops, credit availability, sowing patterns and water availability. Bashir and Khan (2005) have conducted an efficiency analysis of 200 wheat farms in Northern region of Pakistan. They found high variation in yields of sample farms showing an average allocative efficiency of 72 percent in the study area. Farmers awareness, education level, farm size and level of fertilizer used were significant factors depriving farmers to achieve their optimum level of profits. Lambarraa et al. (2006) examined TE and productivity growth in the Spanish Olive sector. They found that farmers age, farm location; tenure regimes of land and organic nature of farming techniques affect significantly the level of efficiency. Mari and Lohano (2007) have analyzed TE of onion, tomato and chili farms in Sindh province of Pakistan. The mean TE was found to be 83 percent, 74 percent and 59 percent for chili, tomato and onion farms respectively. A detailed study on TE of Russian agriculture has been conducted by Brock et al. (2007). They found interesting results under three organizational farming regime; i.e. peasant farming, large corporate farming and household plots. The TE rankings were highest for household plots (81%) followed by corporate farms (74%) and peasant farms (70%). The peasant farms were least efficient. Analyzing efficiency of Nigerian food crops, Ajibefun (2008) has applied both SFA and DEA approach. He found only slight variation in average TE computed by both methods, i.e. 68 percent by SFA and 65 percent by DEA. Significant influencing factors were farmers age and education level. Kilic et al. (2009) have investigated TE of hazelnut production in Samson province of Turkey. Their study showed an average efficiency of 73.5 percent. Farmers education level and farm fragmentation were found as significant factor determining TE. A very recent work by Monchuk et al. (2010) on TE in Chinas agriculture reveals that heavy industrialization and large percentage of rural labour force in agriculture sector tend to reduce TE. He suggests that air and water pollution have negative effects on agriculture production; and growth of non-primary agriculture may lead to efficient use of labour resources. Factors Affecting Technical Efficiency There are various socioeconomic, infrastructural, institutional and policy factors that tend to influence technical efficiency of farmers, thereby depriving them from achieving a potential output from their available resources. Identification and probable solutions of such factors had been the focus of researchers and policy makers through decades. A summary table of the work of different researchers showing TE of different crops and significant factors affecting level of TE is given in Table 2.1 Yield Gap Yield gap is the difference between the yields of the experimental station by researchers and yield from farmers plot. According to Gomez (1977), yield gap appears in two ways (see Figure 2.2); The yield gap between maximum yield of research station and potential farm yield. This gap emerges into the system due to the environmental factors (climate, rainfall, humidity, sunlight etc) and non-transferable technology to farmers fields from the research station. Second type of yield gap is the difference between potential farm yields to that of the actual farm yield gained by the farmer. This difference arises from the different biological and socio-economic factors. This study of these gaps is particularly important in the context of research and arises some questions that whether the research methodologies, technologies, environment, equipments and capital costs utilized at research station are appropriate to farmers field conditions? Whether the recommended technology is complete? Whether this can address or takes into consideration the less favorable socioeconomic, bio-physical and environmental conditions of rain-fed and resource-poor marginalized farmers (Dahal, 1996)? The process of estimating technical efficiency gaps should be taken in a systematic and realistic way. It is necessary to consider the farmers specific farm trials rather than the trials conducted at the research stations. Role of Marketing in Rural Economy Farmers consider themselves as price takers and think that they have no control over prices and are bound to accept whatever the price is offered. They do not know how to capture new markets nor how market demand and buyers preferences are changing and which products are to grow to gain more profit from their produce. Farmers generally have knowledge and skills in agriculture production techniques but marketing needs new skills, techniques and sources of information. Farmers armed with newest business and marketing skills will have better profit margins (Dixie, 2005). Rural businesses include input suppliers, product buyers, transporters, storage companies, processing companies and wholesalers. These intermediaries are often believed to exploit farmers and making unfair profits. Although they try to maximize their profit yet it is to accept that without these intermediaries farmers would not be able to link with input and output markets and neither they would be able to sell their produce. Role of Marketing in Consumer welfare As farmers desire is to receive higher prices, consumers desire to pay lower prices. Farmers want to be paid as much share of consumer price as possible. These two conflicting goals balance when there is an efficient and low-cost marketing chain. Consumers preferences are constantly developing particularly in the case of horticulture crops. They need a marketing system that can respond to their changing demands and tastes. The marketing system should supply the volumes, variety and quality products that consumers demand. Fruits Marketing System in Pakistan (Aujla et al) Marketing includes a series of inter-connected activities involved in the flow of products and services from the point of production to the point of consumption at a profit. An efficient marketing system guarantees sustained agricultural growth as it affects both producers income and consumers welfare (Aujla, Abbas, Mahmood, Saadullah, 2007). The marketing of fruits in the Pakistan is supply based. Once a producer brings his produce to the market, the prices are decided by large traders at the spot such that he is bound to accept the prevailing prices. Most of the times the producers have to dispose off their commodities at throwaway prices (Hanif, Khan, Nauman, 2004). Several factors influence the efficiency of fruit marketing that include high perishability, seasonality, low quality, uneven prices and location of the products, the physical handling of produce and the institutional arrangements for facilitating these activities. The existing marketing system in Pakistan consists of assembly, wholesale and terminal markets, which are briefly discussed below: Assembly Markets Assembly markets are situated close to horticulture farm gate, generally situated in small towns or sub-districts, where farmers bring their major portion of marketable surplus for sale to the shopkeepers, traders and retailers present in these markets. Most of the transactions in assembly markets involve small quantities of produce. Traders in assembly markets are not approved by any government agency, although in some cases town committees charge an entry fee from traders. Usually, these traders maintain no systematic record of transactions. The price formation is simple and based on direct negotiation between the traders and the farmers. Because the quantities involve small bulks the farmers may not mind small price differentials. Wholesale Markets Wholesale markets are essential components of any marketing system, especially for horticulture crops because these markets provide farmers effective and profitable marketing outlets for their products. Adequately located, sized and managed wholesale markets serve as a basic instrument for promoting competition and help to improve consumers health and food quality control (FAO, 2001). Wholesale markets in Pakistan are usually located in a district town or a major sub-division town. These markets are the main assembly centers for the fruit and vegetable surplus of surrounding areas. These markets have better transportation, storage, communication and working conditions than those in the assembly markets. The example of wholesale market in Balochistan is that of Quetta, where the surplus fruit produce of nearby districts are supplied. Wholesale markets have permanent auction floors and offices built by traders (commission agent) who hold an official permit for their activities. Each trader has sufficient space in the market to store produce for a few days or for longer periods at a nominal charge. Traders keep records of their daily transactions and report them to the Market Committee. Market participants in wholesale markets including commission agents, wholesalers, retailers, shopkeepers and weighing men are also registered and licensed by Market Committees. Intro duction of these measures have resulted in some improvements in these markets. Commission agents in wholesale market, charged 8 to 10 percent commission on the sale revenue (Hussain Abid, 2005). The major players in the wholesale market are commission agents, wholesalers, retailers and shopkeepers. Terminal Markets Terminal markets are generally situated in large urban centers. Most of the marketable surplus of agricultural commodities is ultimately routed to these markets. The Karachi market is one of the best examples of this kind of market in Pakistan. Foreign trade is another reason for the flow of the marketable surplus to this market. Traders in terminal markets are usually wholesalers who supply agricultural products to firms, industries and exporters. The majority of traders are buying agents, who buy from other wholesale markets through their agents or directly when the produce is brought there from other regions. This market is well equipped with traders who are well established and mostly depending on supplies from growers and other wholesale markets. They have access to all modern facilities for approaching their agents in lower level markets. Many traders have their own trucking companies. Telephone and telegraph services are easily available for them. Fruit Marketing Channels in Pakistan Khushk and Smith 1996 Khushk and Smith (1996) have done a nice and detailed study of fruit marketing channels in Pakistan by concentrating particularly on mango production in Sindh province. According to them, agricultural marketing channels refer to the outlets or routes through which commodities pass to reach final consumers. As produce moves along the marketing chain, its price increases because of opportunity cost incurred by each intermediary (Dixie, 2005). The existing fruit marketing channels in Pakistan by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. are presented in Figure . . . . . Figure 2.3 Marketing Channels for Fruits in Pakistan The marketing channels functionaries common in the country are; Producer The fruit growing farmers are dispersed geographically in the country. Majority of producer sell the harvesting rights of their orchards to contractors at the flowering or in hanging fruits stage because they do not want to be involved in marketing complications. Also the farmers do not do not want to take the risk of price and income variation due to perishability, quality damage, and price seasonality. In addition, Khushk and Smith (1996) found another important reason reported by farmers is the lack of knowledge of marketing. commission agents are biased towards farmers than contractors and do not want to transfer market price information to farmers or provide them other facilities, like informal credits, transportation or information access at the market-place. By this way commission agents control the supply, demand and prices of market (Khushk Smith, 1996; Ali, 2004; Aujla, Abbas, Mahmood, Saadullah, 2007). Contractor The contractor plays a main role in the marketing of fruits. He has close contacts with commission agents in the wholesale and terminal markets. While contracting an orchard, the contractor estimates its yield and considers the expected costs to be incurred for supervision, labour, transportation, and marketing. Khushk and Smith (1996) report that more than 95 percent of mango contractors in Sindh province of Pakistan obtained loans from commission agents to pay the initial installments to the mango farmers and to pay an advance for labour and packing material. Once a contractor receives loan from commission agent, he is obliged to supply the produce to that commission agent. Commission Agent Commission agents act as a link between contractors in the field and wholesalers or retailers at wholesale market. They usually have their own transport companies and have offices and staff at wholesale markets of big cities, equipped with all communication facilities. They maintain contacts with market committees, market associations, wholesalers and retailers and influence the prices in fruit markets of Pakistan (Ali, 2004). Wholesaler Wholesalers perform their business in wholesale or terminal markets of the country. They do business with large quantities of farm products and deal in several commodities like vegetables, fruits and other agricultural produce within interregional markets and also supply produce to processing industries, exporters, and retailers according to their demand. They maintain contacts with commission agents in wholesale markets and retailers in the local area. Wholesaler usually purchase fruit from the commission agents at open auction and sell in smaller quantities to the retailers and consumers. They mostly buy from the commission agents on a credit basis, and about one week after selling that quantity, they pay the commission agents. Some wholesalers also act as commission agents (Khushk Smith, 1996; Ali, 2004; Zulfiqar, Khan, Bashir, 2005). Retailer Market activities come to end with the retailers. They buy and sell small quantities according to the demand of consumers in the area. A small number of fruit retailers occupy small shops in the main fruit markets or in the town. Moreover, a number of retailers are found standing at focal places of a town, particularly railway stations, bus stands, vicinity of courts, schools, and hospitals. Among fruit retailers there is a high degree of competition. Retailers buy fruit from the wholesalers on a 24-48 hour credit basis (Khushk Smith, 1996; Ali, 2004; Zulfiqar, Khan, Bashir, 2005). Importance of Market functionaries / Intermediaries Although a heavy literature is found on exploitative behavior of market intermediaries towards agriculture producers, especially in developing countries such as Pandit et al. (2005) Aujla et al. (2007), Khushk and Smith (1996) and many others, yet their role cannot be ignored (Dixie, 2005). It is often mis-understood how important traders are in taking agriculture produce from farm to the market. Their importance becomes more critical in case of fruits which are highly perishable in nature and need quick supply. The more dynamic the fruit trading sector leads greater competition among traders and greater volumes of produce taken out of rural farm lands resulting, ultimately, high income returns to the farming community. Farmers Selling directly to consumers does mean higher profits but also greater risks. Market traders accept that risk such as non-payments, price decrease and marketing and handling losses (Khushk Smith, 1996). Therefore the intermediaries should be encouraged, not criticized (Dixie, 2005; Pokhrel, 2005). Marketing Margin Analysis Marketing margins or farm-to-retail price spread are some functions of differences between farm-gate prices and retail prices, intended to measure the opportunity cost of providing marketing services including buying, grading, packing, transporting, storage, and processing (Khushk Smith, 1996; Wohlgenant, 2001). The prices paid to the rural sellers at farm-gate are much lower. But as the product moves along the production-marketing chain, its price increases such that the retailers achieve the highest price (see Figure 2.3). The farm-to-retail price spread of fruits in Pakistan is con

A Modern Grendel :: Literature, Beowulf

In the epic poem Beowulf, the monster Grendel is depicted as a villainous beast with an unquenchable thirst for human flesh and blood. Grendel, written by John Gardner, though, offers a more nuanced depiction of the beast by describing the events in Beowulf through Grendel's narration. Throughout the story, Grendel adopts various romantic characteristics and beliefs including isolation, individualism, and mysticism. These romantic characteristics, though, foster Grendel's murderous intentions and in turn gives him an anti-hero persona. Nearing the end of the novel, his romantic antihero trends transforms his life into a never ending limbo. His only salvation comes in the form of death. Grendel's' inevitable demise represents inescapable fate. Romanticism places a heavy focus on separation from society. In Gardner's novel, this romantic theme of isolation is echoed when Hrothgar's community rejects Grendel. Grendel, even before he discovers the humans, has always been in a sense alone. His mother is too inarticulate to be considered a truly fulfilling companion and the animals around him are too primitive to even communicate. The only creature that Grendel could ever truly bond with was the human race for they both shared the same language, and intellect. The humans, though, never embrace Grendel. The very first time Grendel attempts communicating with the humans, when he "staggered out into the open and up toward the hall...groaning out, 'Mercy !Peace!'"(51), results with him being nearly killed with spears, arrows, and swords. Humanity, his closest peer, rejects Grendel and forces the beast to live the rest of his life in isolation. But unlike in romanticism, in which isolation is viewed positively, Grendel's lonelines s is shown to be more of a curse than as a boon. Grendel despises his loneliness and it turns him into a spiteful creature whose goal is to destroy Hrothgar. This dedication, fed by a hatred to his loneliness, results in Grendel's transition into an anti-hero. Rather than living peacefully in nature, Grendel chooses to be consumed by the romantic idea that society, specifically Hrothgar's society, is evil, corruptive, and destructive. For Grendel, he comes to the self-realization that he is, "Grendel, Ruiner of mead halls, Wrecker of Kings"(80), and it his duty and fate to kill and eat Hrothgar's citizens. Isolation is not the only aspect of a romantic hero. Individualism and a person's ability to choose their own actions also play an important part. In Gardner's novel, Grendel acts on his own whim and does not follow the advice that others give him.

Public Policing Versus Private Security

Public Policing Versus Private Security Kayla Cook CJA/500 November 8, 2009 Mrs. Jancie Graham Abstract Public policing and private security have several distinct differences. Public policing is the ability to enforce the law and maintain order in society. Private securities are paid agencies that perform the protective and loss-prevention duties not handled by police officers. Yet public policing and private security offers the same services and duties. These services and duties are performed to achieve some of the same goals. Both serve as leaders in their line of work.The leadership requirements are regulated by two different standards. They both share a positive relationship with the criminal justice system. This relationship could be enhanced if the two would partnership with one another. This could help them combine their essential policies for the current role they perform now. Public policing and private security will continue to grow and work together in the future. This pap er will also describe and discuss the importance of a comprehensive security plan, and its key components. The Differences between Public Policing and Private SecurityPublic policing is the ability to enforce the law and maintain order in society. Private securities are paid agencies that perform the protective and loss-prevention duties not handled by police officers. Public policing and private security have several distinct differences. Public policing does the following: 1) maintain order, 2) performs community service, 3) detect crime, 4) handle crime, and 5) prevent crime, 6) traffic control, 7) stop and question an individual, 8) search individuals and their personal belongings, 9) conduct interrogations, and 10) arrest an individual.Private security does the following paid duties: 1) serves as an escort, 2) patrol housing and business areas, 3) serves as guards at gates, 4) transport valuables, 5) security training, 6) screening of personnel for employment, 7) technical coun ter surveillance, 8) security consultation, 9) install alarm systems and 10)offer private security vaults (Reid, 1996). The Similarities between Public Policing and Private Security Public policing and private security offers some of the same services and duties. These services and duties are performed to achieve some of the same goals.In this way they are able to assist each other in performing these services and duties. Public policing and private security offer the following services and duties: 1) crime prevention, 2) crime control, 3) assist is emergencies, 4) training, 5) conduct searches, 6) involved in community events, 7) offer security, 8) monitor specific area, 9) provides protection, and 10) they both have legal powers. Both public policing and private security agencies are held accountable for their actions. Neither escapes criticisms from outside sources.Our society needs the services and duties that both provide to help ensure the safety of our freedom and our propert y (Walker, & Katz, 2011). The Differences between Public Policing and Private Security Leadership Roles The difference between public policing and private security leadership roles are the standard requirements for leadership. The requirement for leadership in public policing is regulated by the government and civil service. The only requirement for leadership in private security is to lead by example. This is because private security agencies are privately owned and they do not have a set required standard.The Relationship of Public Policing and Private Security with the Criminal Justice System The relationship of public policing with the criminal justice system is to prevent crime and provide justice to the public. The relationship of private security with the criminal justice system is to prevent crime and provide justice to its employees. They both share the same relationship with the criminal justice system. The relationship would be work more effective if law enforcement offic ers and private security agencies would work together along with the criminal justice system to prevent crime and provide justice to the public and private employees.The Essential Policies for Public Policing and Private Security Public policing and private security have several distinct differences in their essential policies. The essential policies for public policing are: 1) Hierarchical- there are many different official and formal levels of public agencies positions. 2) Civil service- civil service examinations are given to chose only the most qualified personnel based on merit. 3) Apolitical- the government gives the policies to public policing to execute. 4) Impartial and fair- the treatment of all citizen using government services are to be fair and just. ) Public affairs-oriented- focus is given to the management of public agencies and organizations. 6) Public-service oriented- profit is not a motive the serve the public. 7) Publicly funded- tax revenues fund these public a dministrations. 8) Publicly documented- all citizens can review administrative records and financial documents. 9) Accountable to the public- at anytime legislative and judicial review can be done to public administration. The essential policies for private security are: 1) Private enterprise- goal is to complete a private obligation instead of a public one. ) Private or corporate ownership- private organizations are owned by private individuals, groups, or stockholders. 3) Competitiveness- the organization may be in competition with another organization with the same product or service. 4) Profit incentive- normally the incentive is to generate net profit unless it is a nonprofit private organization. 5) Financing regulated by market price- the ability to sell the product or service is based on revenue. 6) Privacy of information and records- limited information is proprietary and the property of the owners. ) Accountability to owners and stockholders- instead of being accountable t o the public, the organization and its employees are held accountable to the organization’s owners. 8) Some freedom in selection and termination of employees- civil service rules do not regulate the organization ability to hire or terminate employees. 9) Freedom to regulate work methods and organization- the organization is not regulated by civil service rules (Ortmeier, 2009). The importance of a Comprehensive Security Plan and Its Key Components The security plan must also specify the persons who have access to security areas, and it must specify the various components necessary for physical security, such as barriers, lighting, alarm systems, fire protection systems, locks, and communications. It must detail full instructions for the guard force. These instructions must contain both general orders applicable to all guards and special orders pertaining to specific posts, patrols, and areas. There must be provision for emergency situations. Specific plans for fire, flood, st orm, or power failure should be part of the overall plan of action.You should also specify people to call in an emergency. After the security plan has been formulated and implemented, it must be reexamined periodically for flaws and for ways to improve it and keep it current with existing needs. Circulation of the plan should be limited and controlled. It must be remembered that such a plan, however well conceived, is doomed from the outset unless it is constantly and carefully supervised (Fisher, Halibozek, & Green, 2008, 36 Conclusion Public policing and private security are major components in the criminal justice system.The mere existence of both public policing and private security helps our communities feel safe. Once the two merge and work together, more problems can be solved to prevent crimes. This partnership will be form when the importance of each other’s responsibilities and roles are identified. Law enforcement agencies are slowly coming to realize the benefits of a partnership with private security can be since 9/11. This was just one of the many examples of how effectively public policing and private security can work together.In the future, public policing and private security will continue to work together to prevent crime and provide justice to all. References Fisher, R. J. , Halibozek, E. , & Green, G. (2008). Introduction to Security (8th ed. ). Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Katz, C. M. & Walker, S. (2011). The Police in America: An Introduction (7th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Ortmeier, P. J. (2008). Introduction to Security: operations and Management (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Reid, Sue (1996). Criminal Justice (4th ed. ). Madison, WI. Brown & Benchmark.

Classical and Humanist Management Theories Essay

â€Å"Classical and humanist management theories have had a major influenced on modern theories of leadership. Making effective use of appropriate models and theories critically examine whether this is actually the case. † Civilization is the product of those who came before us. The evolution of today’s modern management thinking has grown and developed since nineteenth century and flourished during twentieth. The twentieth century is just part of revolution management theory which started from classical theory, ranging to human relation approaches and last flourishing now. Management theory is out coming result of the interdisciplinary efforts of many people. Today the new modern theories of leadership, come up based on classical and humanist management theories, still develop and grow as an organisation. Leadership is setting a new path or vision for a cluster that they follow; a leader is the spearhead for that new direction. Management controls or directs people/resources in a group according to principles or values that have already been established. The main difference between them comes from what happen if there is one without another. If leadership comes without management then sets a track or visualization that others follow, without considering too much how the new direction is going to be achieved. Other people then have to work hard in the trail that is left behind, picking up the pieces and making it work. Management without leadership; controls resources to uphold the current situation or confirm things happen according to already-established plans. In Organizing Genius (Addison-Wesley, 1997) Bennis and Patricia Ward Biederman point out those leaders of great teams pick talent on the basis of excellence and ability to work with others. Good leaders are not afraid to hire people who know more than they do. Jack Welch has said that his biggest accomplishment has been finding great people. A leader should project responsibilities that involve a person’s competence and values. A good leader also reinforces motivation and develops ability through coaching. Leaders know how to keep their people focused. Good leaders can build incredible relationship and can build trust. The interest of leadership come in the early 20, when was considered that great leaders are born not made. The ideas and theories started developed after then. On the other hand those irreplaceable qualities of good leaders are based on beginning of management. The first management ideas, actually, were record in 3000-4000 B. C, when the pyramids were about to be build. Then the beginning of the modern organisation occurred with the theory called The Founders during the middle of the nineteenth century with the rise of the factory system. After came Pre-Classicism with Robert Owen (1771-1858) and Charles Babbage (1792-1871). And then the twentieth century becomes witness on the most memorable theories called Classical School. The Classical School of Management was period of management theory ferment and activity. It was based on improvement of management effectiveness in organisations. It wasn’t only about effectiveness in worker please but they also seek to provide needed tool for more effective work and satisfied workers. Within the classical school there are the bureaucratic management, administrative management and scientific management branches. The era of the ideas of Modern theories started with Scientific Management. Frederick Taylor put the beginning of the contemporary and still improving management. He advocated a change from the old system of personal management to a new system of scientific management. His theory argues that, each person’s job should be broken down into elements and a scientific way to perform each element should be determinate. Workers need to be careful selected and properly trained for particular job. The good corporation between management and workers is compulsory. His theory was accepted with many positive fatbacks and negativism as well. But to modern readers, he stands convicted by his own words (1975): â€Å"†¦ in almost all of the mechanic arts, the science which underlies each act of each workman is so great and amounts to so much that the workman who is best suited to actually doing the work is incapable of fully understanding this science, without the guidance and help of those who are working with him or over him, either through lack of education or through insufficient mental capacity. Scientific management come across with significant success. Taylor bring a success and to economic standpoints. Productivity met improvement because of his methods. After Scientific management come Human Relations Movement with Elton Mayo’s experiences in the Hawthorne Works Experiments. Mayo’s theory met success; his impacts were the creation of the industrial engineering. Max Weber – Bureaucracy come after Mayo’s scientific management. Max Weber believed that civilization was changing to pursue technically best outcomes at the outflow of emotional or humanistic content. Weber did not advocate bureaucracy; indeed, his writings show a strong caution for its excesses: â€Å"†¦the more fully realized, the more bureaucracy â€Å"depersonalizes† itself, i. e. , the more completely it succeeds in achieving the exclusion of love, hatred, and every purely personal, especially irrational and incalculable, feeling from the execution of official tasks† While Weber was basically a spectator rather than a stylish, it is pure that his forecasts have come true. His principles of an ideal bureaucracy still circle true today and many of the evils of today’s bureaucracies come from their different from those ideal principles. Unfortunately, Weber was also successful in predicting that bureaucracies would have extreme difficulties dealing with individual cases. It would have been captivating to realize how Weber would have combined Mayo’s results into his theories. It is probable that he would have seen the â€Å"group dynamics† as â€Å"noise† in the system, warning the bureaucracy’s potential for both efficiency and inhumanity. In 1970s and 1980s, Charismatic Leadership states Effective leaders inspire assistants to obligate themselves to goals by interactive a visualisation, exhibiting magnetic behaviour, and setting an influential individual case, described by Weber as long with bureaucracy. He put the development of leadership based on well-known management. Henri Fayol – Administration. Fayol’s administration theories dovetail into the bureaucratic superstructure described by Weber. He believed that management has five principle roles; to control, to organise, to forecast and plan, to command and to coordinate. Fayol developed fourteen principles of administration to go along with management’s five main roles. Fayol’s five principle roles of management are still actively practiced today. Development of management and leadership had continued with Frederick Herzberg (1923-) , Abraham Maslow (1908 – 1970) and on. Mary Parker Follett supported for a human relations importance equal to a mechanical or operational emphasis in management. Her work contrasted with the â€Å"scientific management† of Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915) and evolved by Frank and Lillian Gilbert, which stressed time and motion studies. Apart of all that, in mid-1970th the Hersey–Blanchard situational leadership theory was introduced as â€Å"situational leadership theory†. It is a leadership theory conceived by Paul Hersey (professor) and Ken Blanchard (author). The theory argues active leadership is task-relevant and there is no solo best flair of leadership. The theory contained the following qualities as the main qualities of a good leader; telling, selling, participating and delegating. According to Hersey and Blanchard (1980); â€Å"Effective leaders need to be flexible, and must adapt themselves according to the situation†. They had separated their theory into two fundamental concepts; Leadership Style and the individual or group’s Maturity level. First described above and second describes below. The individual or group’s Maturity level: M1 – They absence the exact services vital for the work in pointer and are powerless and reluctant to do or to take duty for this job or task. M2 – They are still incapable to take on responsibility for the task being done; they are keen to work at the task. M3 – They are knowledgeable and talented to do the chore but nonexistence the poise to take on charge. M4 – They are experienced at the task, and relaxed with their own skill to do it well. They need to be clever and willing to not only do the task, but to take responsibility for them. In conclusion, management include and put the base on organisations, it is that organisation which makes functions, such as planning, budgeting, evaluating and facilitating. On the other hand leadership is a relationship, an essential part of an organisation. They are response for selecting talents, motivating, coaching and building trust. From Classical human approaches to the modern leader theory there were a big different, the theories will last to change and improve, but on based on the main management theories. It is clear that modern organizations are powerfully influenced by the theories of Taylor, Mayo, Weber and Fayol. Their principles have become such a solid part of modern management that it is hard to believe that these perceptions were unique and new at some opinion in history. The current idea that these impressions are â€Å"common sense† is strong compliment to these creators.

Space Jump essays

Space Jump essays What if it were possible to free fall from 25 miles up. Thats what Michel Fourniers, a French skydiver, is trying to accomplish. Joe Kittinger Jr. set the record for the highest free fall at 102,800 feet in 1960. Fournier is going for the highest at 130,000 feet above earths surface. He will come plummeting back to earth as fast as 885 mph, or roughly Mach 1. At any part in the fall Michel could die. So many parts could fail, that a stunt like this is only done when you have nothing to lose. Michel will be transported to 130,000 feet via a 135-foot wide helium filled balloon. He will then jump out of the 5x7 foot compartment he is in, and start his descent. At 130,000 feet it is a mere 7F, and it just keeps dropping till 50,000 feet, where the temperature levels off at a minus 70F. The suit that will be used is a partial-pressure suit, which will protect Michel from the pressure of hitting the sound barrier and actually passing through it. It will take a total of only 4 minutes from the time Michel jumps, until his parachute opens at about 7,000 feet. This is the first time anyone has attempted a jump from this high of an altitude. If successful, it could be one of the most amazing feats of all time. The only problem with the plan is that so many things could go wrong, and if one does in mid-jump, there is no way to save Michel and he would end up dying. The biggest concern is if he goes into an uncontrolled spin, at the altitude and speed he is traveling at, there would be no way for him to stabilize himself, sending him unconscious and ultimately to death. Personally I would never attempt this stunt, but I suppose if it were in the name of science I might reconsider my thought. ...

English - Formative Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English - Formative Narrative - Essay Example This supposedly made him look evil. I guess he enjoyed that role. He was so enthusiastic that he started involving the congregation. While this young man was doing this, the choir was singing. The group of youth who was the choir was also part of the play. Their role was supposed to explain what this devil’ does to people. They did this through their lyrics. This means that the devil’ in the play never uttered a word. He kept on running to all corners of the church, making gestures that which the choir explained by the background music. I kept on watching all this in awe and some fear. For some reason, I never bothered to ask my mother what was happening. I tried to figure out what was going on notwithstanding my extremely tender age. At the back, of my mind, it felt like this guy; the devil’ was a dirty and awful guy. As long as the drama continued, fear rose within me. I remember looking around the church, and shockingly, people looked as nothing much was happe ning. In my opinion, we had a monster in the church and people acted as though all was well. Those made me cling on my mother more firmly. This happened whenever the devil was making his move towards me. For some reason, he never came frightfully near. That was particularly pertinent to me. I happened to be sitting near the aisle that divided the congregation into two parts. The people normally sat on wooden forms, and they had to squeeze each other because the space was small. This is the reason why most people sweat in the course of the church service. I noted that other small children who were around me had moved to aisle to that they could get a better glimpse of the play. They too were intrigued by the theatrics the devil’ was doing. Although I was scared to death by this horrifying being, I resolved to join the other young children at the aisle. I thought, for some reason; I could start to become as entertained by the play in the same way those children seemed to be. I cautiously dropped from my mother’s hands onto the floor. I never told her what I wanted. I think she sensed that I wanted to stand on my feet as opposed to being carried in the church. I made an extraordinarily careful move towards the aisle. I was genuinely frightened; however I wanted to have a better view of the play. Something kept on telling me to watch what was happening. The only problem was whether the devil’ could end up coming towards me. With much caution and apprehension, I walked to the aisle and peeped at the pulpit from the edge of the aisle. Everyone’s eyes were fixed on the play. The devil’ was far enough. That gave me the impetus to keep on watching. All of a sudden the devil made a fast move towards a decently dressed man in the congregation. My heart skipped a beat. But then, the young man rose on his feet and started to resist him. I thought to myself what a strong man?’ After a period of struggle, the devil backed off and run . I would later learn that the young man was supposed to demonstrate how believers should resist the devil. The bible says that depart from the evil, resist the devil, and he shall free form you’. That is what happened. The devil’ would pick different members of the congregation at random and seemingly try to attack them. He did this with such zeal, that I had been convinced that it was truly happening. In the choir, the singers were keeping on rebuking him and pointing at him. My defining moment finally came. With an extremely high speed, the devil suddenly was

Journal Entry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Journal Entry - Essay Example These and many other issues have made it necessary that all stakeholders in the nursing fraternity should seek to be active when it comes to developing health regulations and policies. This is contrary to the existing scenario in which government policy makers and not healthcare professionals are developing them. With the increasing complex landscape of patient care, it is the role of the nurses and nurse leaders to devise measures of providing the required care. This is because nurses are the healthcare professionals who execute all the roles required to foster faster and better recovery of patients. Additionally, they spend the most time beside patients’ beds. One of the major ways of addressing this is by implementing the all-round foci as taught in nursing school that range from preventive care, patient communication, improving efficiency, cost containment, and more importantly preventing relapse and costly returns to healthcare institutions by the patients. In a nutshell, the nurse can only be able to implement such if they become active in developing health policies and regulations since they understand the patients’ needs and welfare than do the federal and state bodies. The landscape of patient care is expanding and varying rapidly, and efficient strategies such those m entioned can only be identified and customized for the good of patients if healthcare professionals are allowed the necessary support and freedom. Nurses should take up the challenge of being politically active because it is a sacrifice required to bring a better healthcare system into existence. Political skills are required in addition to energy, time, will, and resources of power. One way to become politically active is by providing first-person perspectives on matters healthcare by highlighting the impacts that certain regulations, bills, or decisions are bound to affect the healthcare fraternity. This includes patients and

Define both faith and reason Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Define both faith and reason - Essay Example Reasoning is the name of explanation with justification. Justification in turn is drawn from universally acknowledged facts and beliefs. Almost always, there is no ultimate reason that can be raised in support of a particular faith. Many reasons can be offered to justify a faith, and there acknowledgement varies from individual to individual depending upon the individual’s way of thinking and perception of the world. Relationship between faith and reason: There is a very strong relationship between reason and faith. Reason is the fundamental element that supports faith but it can never take its place. It is not possible for faith to exist without any reason, though faith can and does exist quite frequently without the existence of a profound knowledge or reasoning in its support. It is important to note that reason and faith are never antithetical. Reason and faith are never opposite. They are also never mutually exclusive and are hence, inseparable from each other (Albl 1). T herefore, it is quite normal and rational to find reason for having faith. Description of faith: â€Å"Biblical faith is having the belief and assurance from God in something that is unseen and/or not yet realized which has some probability of being correct, where the probability is determined using the brain and the intellect as guided by God† (angelfire.com).